Corrupção na educação superior pública? Estudo das Ifes de Minas Gerais / ¿Corrupción en la educación superior pública? Estudio de las Ifes de Minas Gerais / Is there corruption in public higher education institutions? Study of the HEIs of Minas Gerais

Resumo A corrupção na administração pública brasileira vem adquirindo maior centralidade graças aos sucessivos escândalos desvendados no país. As instituições públicas federais de ensino superior (Ifes) não passaram incólumes por esse contexto, chamando a atenção por se tratar de organizações voltadas à promoção da formação intelectual e cidadã. Este artigo analisa de que forma o ambiente organizacional se configura para o combate à corrupção por meio de um estudo de caso nas 17 Ifes de Minas Gerais. Para isso, verificam-se as características relacionadas com a corrupção em processos disciplinares administrativos (PADs), instaurados de 2015 a 2019, e entrevistam-se servidores que participavam da condução desses processos. A despeito de a maioria dos entrevistados não ter uma percepção clara do fenômeno da corrupção nas Ifes, os achados da pesquisa indicam que os principais fatores do ambiente organizacional referentes à integridade que contribuem para o combate à corrupção correspondem aos canais para manifestação de denúncia, aos mecanismos de controle externo e interno, aos instrumentos de promoção da ética e às regras de conduta, transparência e acesso à informação. Em termos de estrutura, constata-se que o corporativismo é o principal empecilho do ambiente organizacional no combate à corrupção. Para isso, sugere-se o desenvolvimento de pesquisas futuras voltadas a verificar a institucionalização das medidas da integridade nas Ifes como estratégia de combate à corrupção.

Resumen La corrupción en la administración pública brasileña ha ido adquiriendo mayor centralidad debido a los sucesivos escándalos develados en el país. Las instituciones públicas federales de educación superior (Ifes) no permanecieron indemnes a este contexto, llamando la atención por tratarse de organizaciones orientadas a promover la educación intelectual y ciudadana. Este artículo analizó cómo se configura el entorno organizacional para combatir la corrupción a través de un estudio de caso en las 17 Ifes de Minas Gerais. Para ello, se verificaron las características relacionadas con la corrupción en los procesos administrativos disciplinarios (PAD) instaurados de 2015 a 2019 y se entrevistó a los funcionarios que participaron en la conducción de estos procesos. A pesar de que la mayoría de los entrevistados no tuviera una percepción clara del fenómeno de la corrupción en las Ifes, los hallazgos de la investigación indicaron que los principales factores del entorno organizacional relacionados con la integridad que contribuyen a la lucha contra la corrupción corresponden a los canales para la manifestación de denuncias, mecanismos de control externo e interno, instrumentos de promoción de la ética y reglas de conducta, transparencia y acceso a la información. En términos de estructura, se encontró que el corporativismo era el principal obstáculo del entorno organizacional en la lucha contra la corrupción. Se sugiere desarrollar investigaciones futuras orientadas a verificar la institucionalización de las medidas de integridad en las Ifes como estrategia de combate a la corrupción.

Abstract: Corruption in the Brazilian public administration has gained centrality due to the successive scandals unveiled in the country. The public higher education institutions (HEIs) did not go unscathed, bringing attention to the fact that they are organizations aimed at promoting citizenship and intellectual education. This article analyzed how the organizational environment is configured to fight corruption through a case study of the 17 HEIs in Minas Gerais. We verified characteristics related to corruption in administrative disciplinary proceedings established between 2015 and 2019 and interviewed civil servants who participated in the conduction of these processes. Although most interviewees did not have a clear perception of corruption in the HEIs, the research findings indicated the main factors related to integrity that contribute to fighting corruption in the organizational environment. These factors are the complaints channels, external and internal control mechanisms, instruments for promoting ethics and rules of conduct, transparency, and access to information. In terms of structure, it was found that corporatism was the main obstacle to fight corruption in the organizational environment. The study points out the need for future research to verify the institutionalization of integrity measures in the HEIs as a strategy to combat corruption.

O SUS no horizonte trabalhista: a tradição corporativa de direitos e a privatização da saúde / SUS in the labor sphere: the corporatist tradition of rights and the privatization of healthcare

Resumo Este artigo investiga as implicações do comportamento corporativo sindical para a construção do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil. Tendo em vista a luta sindical por assistência à saúde, analisamos o dinamismo do mercado de planos de saúde a partir das negociações coletivas de trabalho. Ao documentar esse vínculo, problematizamos o corporativismo como um fenômeno político que, ao se reatualizar no tempo, conforma um momento da tradição de lutas do trabalho que fragiliza a base de apoio social ao SUS, afetando a correlação de forças políticas em torno da superação do hibridismo público e privado de interesses presente no mercado de planos de saúde. Tendo em vista esse cenário, dialogamos com as teses da saúde coletiva, apontando que a centralidade do sindicalismo brasileiro para a realização dos propósitos públicos e universais da Reforma Sanitária ainda carece de pleno reconhecimento nos estudos da área. Como conclusão, apontamos que a aproximação política entre sanitaristas e sindicalistas é condição fundamental para a ampliação das lutas e da legitimação pública do SUS, para o qual será necessário superar o sentido corporativo do acesso à saúde.

Abstract This article investigates the implications of union corporate behavior for the construction of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) in Brazil. In view of the union struggle for health care, we analyzed the dynamics of the health insurance market based on collective labor negotiations. By documenting this link, we characterize corporatism as a political phenomenon which, over time, shapes the tradition of labor struggles in a way that weakens the social support base for SUS, by affecting the capacity of political forces to act collectively to overcome the hybridity of public and private interests present in the health insurance market. Against this backdrop, we dialogue with collective health theses, pointing out that studies in this area still fail to fully recognize the centrality of Brazilian unions in the realization of the public and universal aims of the Public Health Reform movement. In conclusion, we suggest that political alignment between health workers and union members is a crucial condition for advancing the struggles and public legitimacy of SUS, something that will be necessary to overcome sectoral fragmentation in health access.

Desafios da participação social nos conselhos de saúde / Challenges of social participation in health councils

O objetivo do artigo é explicitar, por meio de uma análise teórica, a importância do papel da sociedade e da construção de sujeitos políticos na implementação do SUS através dos Conselhos de Saúde. Visa contribuir para a discussão sobre modos de participação social que vêm sendo construídos no interior das arenas dos colegiados de participação na democracia brasileira. Discutem-se as transformações políticas deflagradas entre os anos 1970 e 1990, em que diferentes modos de participação social encontrariam seus principais desafios políticos. Em seguida, analisam-se alguns dos dilemas da participação da sociedade nos conselhos sob uma perspectiva teórica, sustentada pela reflexão sobre novos movimentos sociais e representação de interesses (ou neocorporativismo). Os Conselhos de Saúde, nos anos 1990, se institucionalizaram e expressaram a necessidade da aproximação entre Estado e sociedade. Formalizaram a participação da sociedade e o controle social na construção das agendas políticas da saúde, sendo profundamente influenciados pela conjuntura política nacional. Conclui-se sobre a mudança operada nos Conselhos de Saúde e o papel efetivamente desenvolvido por eles nos dias de hoje...

The aim of this article is to explicit, through a theoretical analysis, the important role of society and the construction of political subjects in the implementation of SUS by the Health Councils. These reflections contribute to the discussion on modes of social participation that are being built within the arenas of collegiate participation in Brazilian democracy. It discusses the political changes triggered between 1970 and 1990, when different modes of social participation would find their main policy challenges. Then, we analyze some of the dilemmas of social participation on councils from a theoretical perspective, based on the reflection on new social movements and on neo-corporatism. Health Councils, in 1990, became institutionalized and expressed the need for compromise between the state and society. They formalized social participation and social control on the construction of the political agendas of health, being deeply influenced by domestic political context. The conclusion discusses the change created in Health Councils and the role they effectively play nowadays...

The concept of medical professionalism as for self-employed physicians in Korea

Medical professionalism in Korea is underdeveloped because of a strong state that has been in place for the past one hundred years. If the government actively controls policies and regulates the professional associations under state corporatism, deterioration of professionalism is inevitable. The current medical insurance in Korea is unified as a monopsony, but it is not the 'bipartite corporatism' between the government and the medical profession such as the National Health Services (NHS) in Britain. All insurance matters related to a physician's practice, including standards of treatment and the physician's reimbursement, are handled by the government. Therefore, the authority of medical expertise is subordinate to the authority of the government agency, and physicians are forced to follow the goals and policies that are set by the government. Physicians' professional ethics are the core of their occupational control. The declaration of "Codes of Ethics" by the Korean Medical Association, before it was revised in April 2006, defined a "sincere fulfillment in practicing medicine" as a full duty of the physician's life. If this declaration was intended to be interpreted literally, all physicians in Korea could be asked to pursue identical lives with the same goals as their professional life as a physician. If it was not intended to be interpreted literally, then physicians may develop their own ethical approaches according to their individual perspectives on life. The former case is an unethical form of state control while; the latter case would make legitimate occupational regulation impossible. The ideal of medical service is an institutional attribute of an occupation and not a duty of an individual's life. Therefore, it should be possible for physicians to work under an occupational control that requires specific standards for the members of the profession and embodies their professional values.

Concertação social, negociações coletivas e flexibilidade: o caso italiano (1992-2002) / Social concertation, collective negotiations and flexibility: the Italian case (1992-2002)

The main objective of this article is to examine the characteristic dynamics of second-generation social concertations and their results, based on the Italian case. From the analytical point of view, we seek to demonstrate that: a) the social concertation process emerged from the combination of a specific conjuncture marked by the imperatives of the European construct, an acute national political and economic crisis, and strategic choices by social actors; b) tripartite negotiation gave rise to a collective bargaining structure at two levels, capable of simultaneously guaranteeing wage moderation, maintenance of wage purchasing power, corporate profit margins, and companies' needs for flexibility, with the exception of flexibility in lay-offs.

Dans ce travail, on cherche à examiner les caractéristiques de la dynamique et les résultats des concertations sociales de deuxième génération sous l'optique du cas italien. Du point de vue de l'analyse, on montre que: a) la concertation sociale est née de la combinaison d'une conjoncture particulière marquée par les contraintes de la construction européenne, par une crise nationale politico-économique aiguë et par des choix stratégiques des acteurs sociaux; b) la négociation tripartite a donné lieu à une structure de négociation collective à deux niveaux, qui a été à même d'assurer à la fois la modération salariale, le maintien du pouvoir d'achat des salariés, tout en préservant les marges de bénéfice des entreprises et répondant également aux besoins de souplesse de celles-ci, sauf en ce qui concerne les licenciements.